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<title>Ruby laser</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ruby laser</span></span>

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<p>A <b>ruby laser</b> is a <a href="Solid-state_laser" title="Solid-state laser">solid-state laser</a> that uses a <a href="Synthetic_ruby" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic ruby">synthetic ruby</a> crystal as its <a href="Active_laser_medium" title="Active laser medium">gain medium</a>. The first working <a href="Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> was a ruby laser made by <a href="Theodore_Maiman" title="Theodore Maiman">Theodore H. "Ted" Maiman</a> at <a href="Hughes_Research_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes Research Laboratories">Hughes Research Laboratories</a> on May 16, 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Ruby lasers produce pulses of coherent <a href="Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a> at a <a href="Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> of 694.3 <a href="Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nm</a>, which is a deep red color. Typical ruby laser pulse lengths are on the order of a <a href="Millisecond" title="Millisecond">millisecond</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Laser_construction" title="Laser construction">Laser construction</a></div>

<p>A ruby laser most often consists of a ruby rod that must be <a href="Laser_pumping" title="Laser pumping">pumped</a> with very high energy, usually from a <a href="Flashtube" title="Flashtube">flashtube</a>, to achieve a <a href="Population_inversion" title="Population inversion">population inversion</a>. The rod is often placed between two mirrors, forming an <a href="Optical_cavity" title="Optical cavity">optical cavity</a>, which oscillate the light produced by the ruby's <a href="Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a>, causing <a href="Stimulated_emission" title="Stimulated emission">stimulated emission</a>. Ruby is one of the few solid state lasers that produce light in the visible range of the spectrum, lasing at 694.3 nanometers, in a deep red color, with a very narrow linewidth of 0.53 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-Svelto_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svelto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The ruby laser is a <a href="Population_inversion#Three-level_lasers" title="Population inversion">three level solid state laser</a>. The <a href="Active_laser_medium" title="Active laser medium">active laser medium</a> (laser gain/<a href="Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplification</a> medium) is a <a href="Synthetic_ruby" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic ruby">synthetic ruby</a> rod that is energized through <a href="Optical_pumping" title="Optical pumping">optical pumping</a>, typically by a <a href="Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> flashtube. Ruby has very broad and powerful absorption bands in the visual spectrum, at 400 and 550 nm, and a very long fluorescence lifetime of 3 milliseconds. This allows for very high energy pumping, since the pulse duration can be much longer than with other materials. While ruby has a very wide absorption profile, its conversion efficiency is much lower than other mediums.<sup id="cite_ref-Svelto_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svelto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In early examples, the rod's ends had to be polished with great precision, such that the ends of the rod were flat to within a quarter of a wavelength of the output light, and parallel to each other within a few seconds of arc. The finely polished ends of the rod were <a href="Silvering" title="Silvering">silvered</a>; one end completely, the other only partially. The rod, with its reflective ends, then acts as a <a href="Fabry%E2%80%93P%C3%A9rot_etalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabry–Pérot etalon">Fabry–Pérot etalon</a> (or a <a href="Gires-Tournois_etalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gires-Tournois etalon">Gires-Tournois etalon</a>). Modern lasers often use rods with <a href="Antireflection_coating" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireflection coating">antireflection coatings</a>, or with the ends cut and polished at <a href="Brewster's_angle" title="Brewster's angle">Brewster's angle</a> instead. This eliminates the reflections from the ends of the rod. External <a href="Dielectric_mirror" title="Dielectric mirror">dielectric mirrors</a> then are used to form the optical cavity. <a href="Curved_mirror" title="Curved mirror">Curved mirrors</a> are typically used to relax the alignment tolerances and to form a stable resonator, often compensating for <a href="Thermal_lensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal lensing">thermal lensing</a> of the rod.<sup id="cite_ref-Svelto_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svelto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Silfvast_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silfvast-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>Ruby also absorbs some of the light at its lasing wavelength. To overcome this absorption, the entire length of the rod needs to be pumped, leaving no shaded areas near the mountings. The active part of the ruby is the <a href="Dopant" title="Dopant">dopant</a>, which consists of <a href="Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> ions suspended in a <a href="Synthetic_sapphire" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic sapphire">synthetic sapphire</a> crystal. The dopant often comprises around only 0.05% of the crystal, but is responsible for all of the absorption and emission of radiation. Depending on the concentration of the dopant, synthetic ruby usually comes in either pink or red.<sup id="cite_ref-Svelto_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svelto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Silfvast_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silfvast-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<p>One of the first applications for the ruby laser was in rangefinding. By 1964, ruby lasers with rotating prism <a href="Q-switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Q-switch">q-switches</a> became the standard for military <a href="Rangefinder" title="Rangefinder">rangefinders</a>, until the introduction of more efficient <a href="Nd%3AYAG_laser" title="Nd:YAG laser">Nd:YAG</a> rangefinders a decade later. Ruby lasers were used mainly in research.<sup id="cite_ref-Koechner_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koechner-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruby laser was the first laser used to optically pump tunable <a href="Dye_laser" title="Dye laser">dye lasers</a> and is particularly well suited to excite laser dyes emitting in the near infrared.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruby lasers are rarely used in industry, mainly due to low efficiency and low repetition rates. One of the main industrial uses is drilling holes through <a href="Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>, because ruby's high-powered beam closely matches diamond's broad absorption band (the GR1 band) in the red.<sup id="cite_ref-Koechner_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koechner-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Ruby lasers have declined in use with the discovery of better lasing media. They are still used in a number of applications where short pulses of red light are required. Holographers around the world produce <a href="Holography" title="Holography">holographic</a> portraits with ruby lasers, in sizes up to a meter square. Because of its high pulsed power and good coherence length, the red 694 nm laser light is preferred to the 532 nm green light of <a href="Frequency_doubling" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency doubling">frequency-doubled</a> <a href="Nd%3AYAG" class="mw-redirect" title="Nd:YAG">Nd:YAG</a>, which often requires multiple pulses for large holograms.<sup id="cite_ref-Silfvast2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silfvast2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="Non-destructive_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-destructive testing">non-destructive testing</a> labs use ruby lasers to create holograms of large objects such as aircraft tires to look for weaknesses in the lining. Ruby lasers were used extensively in <a href="Tattoo_removal" title="Tattoo removal">tattoo</a> and <a href="Hair_removal" title="Hair removal">hair removal</a>, but are being replaced by <a href="Synthetic_alexandrite" title="Synthetic alexandrite">alexandrite</a> and <a href="Nd%3AYAG_laser" title="Nd:YAG laser">Nd:YAG lasers</a> in this application.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The ruby laser was the first laser to be made functional. Built by Theodore Maiman in 1960, the device was created out of the concept of an "optical maser," a <a href="Maser" title="Maser">maser</a> that could operate in the visual or infrared regions of the spectrum.

</p><p>In 1958, after the inventor of the maser, <a href="Charles_Townes" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Townes">Charles Townes</a>, and his colleague, <a href="Arthur_Schawlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Schawlow">Arthur Schawlow</a>, published an article in the <i>Physical Review</i> regarding the idea of optical masers, the race to build a working model began. Ruby had been used successfully in masers, so it was a first choice as a possible medium. While attending a conference in 1959, Maiman listened to a speech given by Schawlow, describing the use of ruby as a lasing medium. Schawlow stated that pink ruby, having a lowest energy-state that was too close to the ground-state, would require too much <a href="Laser_pumping" title="Laser pumping">pumping</a> energy for laser operation, suggesting red ruby as a possible alternative. Maiman, having worked with ruby for many years, and having written a paper on ruby fluorescence, felt that Schawlow was being "too pessimistic." His measurements indicated that the lowest energy level of pink ruby could at least be partially depleted by pumping with a very intense light source, and, since ruby was readily available, he decided to try it anyway.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Also attending the conference was <a href="Gordon_Gould" title="Gordon Gould">Gordon Gould</a>. Gould suggested that, by pulsing the laser, peak outputs as high as a megawatt could be produced.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>As time went on, many scientists began to doubt the usefulness of any color ruby as a laser medium. Maiman, too, felt his own doubts, but, being a very "single-minded person," he kept working on his project in secret. He searched to find a light source that would be intense enough to pump the rod, and an elliptical pumping cavity of high reflectivity, to direct the energy into the rod. He found his light source when a salesman from General Electric showed him a few xenon <a href="Flashtube" title="Flashtube">flashtubes</a>, claiming that the largest could ignite steel wool if placed near the tube. Maiman realized that, with such intensity, he did not need such a highly reflective pumping cavity, and, with the helical lamp, would not need it to have an elliptical shape. Maiman constructed his ruby laser at Hughes Research Laboratories, in Malibu, California.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used a pink ruby rod, measuring 1 cm by 1.5 cm, and, on May 16, 1960, fired the device, producing the first beam of laser light.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Theodore Maiman's original ruby laser is still operational.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was demonstrated on May 15, 2010, at a symposium co-hosted in <a href="Vancouver%2C_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver, British Columbia">Vancouver, British Columbia</a> by the Dr. Theodore Maiman Memorial Foundation and <a href="Simon_Fraser_University" title="Simon Fraser University">Simon Fraser University</a>, where Dr. Maiman was adjunct professor at the School of Engineering Science. Maiman's original laser was fired at a projector screen in a darkened room. In the center of a white flash (leakage from the xenon flashtube), a red spot was briefly visible.

</p><p>The ruby lasers did not deliver a single pulse, but rather delivered a series of pulses, consisting of a series of irregular spikes within the pulse duration. In 1961, R.W. Hellwarth invented a method of <a href="Q-switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Q-switch">q-switching</a>, to concentrate the output into a single pulse.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>In 1962, <a href="Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Willard Boyle</a>, working at <a href="Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, produced the first continuous output from a ruby laser. Unlike the usual side-pumping method, the light from a mercury arc lamp was pumped into the end of a very small rod, to achieve the necessary population inversion. The laser did not emit a <a href="Continuous_wave" title="Continuous wave">continuous wave</a>, but rather a continuous train of pulses, giving scientists the opportunity to study the spiked output of ruby.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The continuous ruby laser was the first laser to be used in medicine. It was used by Leon Goldman, a pioneer in <a href="Laser_medicine" title="Laser medicine">laser medicine</a>, for treatments such as tattoo removal, scar treatments, and to induce healing. Due to its limits in output power, tunability, and complications in operating and cooling the units, the continuous ruby laser was quickly replaced with more versatile <a href="Dye_laser" title="Dye laser">dye</a>, <a href="Nd%3AYAG_laser" title="Nd:YAG laser">Nd:YAG</a>, and <a href="Argon_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Argon laser">argon lasers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maiman, T.H. (1960) "Stimulated Optical Radiation in Ruby". <i>Nature</i>, <b>187</b> 4736, pp. 493–494.</span>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927174042/http://www.laserfocusworld.com/display_article/292149/12/none/none/INDUS/Laser-inventor-Maiman-dies;-tribute-to-be-held-on-anniversary-of-first-lase,">"Laser inventor Maiman dies; tribute to be held on anniversary of first laser"</a>. Laser Focus World. 2007-05-09. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laserfocusworld.com/display_article/292149/12/none/none/INDUS/Laser-inventor-Maiman-dies;-tribute-to-be-held-on-anniversary-of-first-lase,">the original</a> on 2007-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-14</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Svelto-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Svelto_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Svelto_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Svelto_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Svelto_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Principles of Lasers</i> By Orazio Svelto – Plenum Press 1976 Page 367–370.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Silfvast-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Silfvast_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silfvast_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Laser Fundamentals</i> by William Thomas Silfvast – Cambridge University Press 1996 Page 547-549.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Koechner-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koechner_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koechner_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Solid-State Laser Engineering</i> by Walter Koechner – Springer-Verlag 1965, p. 2.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFF._J._Duarte1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="F._J._Duarte" title="F. J. Duarte">F. J. Duarte, and L. W. Hillman (Eds.)</a> (1990). <i>Dye Laser Principles</i>. Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">240–</span>246.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1979" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, J (1979-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/42/10/001">"Optical absorption and luminescence in diamond"</a>. <i>Reports on Progress in Physics</i>. <b>42</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1605–</span>1659. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.467.443">10.1.1.467.443</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F42%2F10%2F001">10.1088/0034-4885/42/10/001</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-4885">0034-4885</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250857323">250857323</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Silfvast2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Silfvast2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSilfvast" class="citation book cs1">Silfvast, William Thomas. <i>Laser Fundamentals</i>. Cambridge University. p. 550.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The History of the Laser</i> By Mario Bertolotti. IOP Publishing 2005 pp. 211–218</span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>How the Laser Happened: Adventures of a Scientist</i> By <a href="Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a> – Oxford University Press 1999 pp. 85–105.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>How the Laser Happened: Adventures of a Scientist</i> By Charles H. Townes – Oxford University Press 1999 p. 104.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Beam</i> By Jeff Hecht – Oxford University press 2005 pp. 170–172</span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>How the Laser Happened: Adventures of a Scientist</i> By <a href="Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a> – Oxford University Press 1999 p. 105</span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spie.org/x40717.xml">"Video: Maiman's first laser light shines again"</a>. <i>SPIE Newsroom</i>. 2010-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Solid-State Laser Engineering</i> by Walter Koechner. Springer-Verlag 1965 p. 1</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Astronautics</i> 1962. p. 74 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.gravityassist.com/IAF3-1/Ref.%203-49.pdf">http://www.gravityassist.com/IAF3-1/Ref.%203-49.pdf</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lasers in Aesthetic Surgery</i> by Gregory S. Keller, Kenneth M. Toft, Victor Lacombe, Patrick Lee, James Watson – Thieme Medical Publishers 2001 p. 254.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ruby_lasers" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Ruby lasers">Ruby lasers</a></span>.</div></div>

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</style><div id="30px_Solid-state_lasers146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Solid-state_laser" title="Solid-state laser">Solid-state lasers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distinct subtypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">Semiconductor laser</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Yttrium_aluminium_garnet" title="Yttrium aluminium garnet">Yttrium aluminium garnet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nd%3AYAG_laser" title="Nd:YAG laser">Nd:YAG laser</a></li>

<li><a href="Er%3AYAG_laser" title="Er:YAG laser">Er:YAG laser</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Glass</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Neodymium#Glass" title="Neodymium">Nd:glass</a></li>

<li><a href="Er%3Aglass_laser" title="Er:glass laser">Er:glass</a></li>

<li>Er:Yb:glass</li>

<li>Yb:glass</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="Gain_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Gain media">gain media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Yttrium_iron_garnet" title="Yttrium iron garnet">Yttrium iron garnet</a> (YIG)</li>

<li><a href="Terbium_gallium_garnet" title="Terbium gallium garnet">Terbium gallium garnet</a> (TGG)</li>

<li><a href="Ti-sapphire_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Ti-sapphire laser">Ti:sapphire laser</a></li>

<li><a href="Solid-state_dye_laser" title="Solid-state dye laser">Solid-state dye laser</a> (SSDL/SSOL/SSDPL)</li>

<li><a href="Yttrium_lithium_fluoride" title="Yttrium lithium fluoride">Yttrium lithium fluoride</a> (YLF)

<ul><li><a href="Neodymium-doped_yttrium_lithium_fluoride" title="Neodymium-doped yttrium lithium fluoride">Neodymium-doped yttrium lithium fluoride</a> (Nd:YLF)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Yttrium_orthovanadate" title="Yttrium orthovanadate">Yttrium orthovanadate</a> (YVO<sub>4</sub>)

<ul><li><a href="Neodymium-doped_yttrium_orthovanadate" title="Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate">Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate</a> (Nd:YVO<sub>4</sub>)</li></ul></li>

<li>Yttrium calcium oxoborate (YCOB)

<ul><li><a href="Nd%3AYCOB" title="Nd:YCOB">Nd:YCOB</a> laser</li></ul></li>

<li>Ce:LiSAF</li>

<li>Ce:LiCAF</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diode-pumped_solid-state_laser" title="Diode-pumped solid-state laser">Diode-pumped solid-state laser</a> (DPSSL)</li>

<li><a href="Fiber_laser" title="Fiber laser">Fiber laser</a></li>

<li><a href="Figure-8_laser" title="Figure-8 laser">Figure-8 laser</a></li>

<li><a href="Disk_laser" title="Disk laser">Disk laser</a></li>

<li><a href="F-center" title="F-center">F-center</a> laser</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific lasers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Trident_laser" title="Trident laser">Trident laser</a></li>

<li><a href="ZEUS-HLONS_(HMMWV_Laser_Ordnance_Neutralization_System)" class="mw-redirect" title="ZEUS-HLONS (HMMWV Laser Ordnance Neutralization System)">ZEUS-HLONS (HMMWV Laser Ordnance Neutralization System)</a></li>

<li><a href="Nova_(laser)" title="Nova (laser)">Nova (laser)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyclops_laser" title="Cyclops laser">Cyclops laser</a></li>

<li><a href="Janus_laser" title="Janus laser">Janus laser</a></li>

<li><a href="Argus_laser" title="Argus laser">Argus laser</a></li>

<li><a href="Shiva_laser" title="Shiva laser">Shiva laser</a></li>

<li><a href="HiPER" title="HiPER">HiPER</a></li>

<li><a href="Laboratory_for_Laser_Energetics" title="Laboratory for Laser Energetics">Laboratory for Laser Energetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Laser_M%C3%A9gajoule" title="Laser Mégajoule">Laser Mégajoule</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury_laser" title="Mercury laser">Mercury laser</a></li>

<li><a href="ISKRA_lasers" title="ISKRA lasers">ISKRA-6</a></li>

<li><a href="Vulcan_laser" title="Vulcan laser">Vulcan laser</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_petawatt_lasers" title="List of petawatt lasers">List of petawatt lasers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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